Fragrance is a human-made mixture of aromatic chemicals and natural oils. Until the nineteenth century perfumes were composed mostly of natural essential oils and botanical extracts, but now most contain synthetic aroma compounds. Modern perfumes may have tens or hundreds of components, including the fragrance (the odor), fixatives, which slow the evaporation rate, increase odor strength, and improve stability, and the solvent in which the oil is dissolved (usually ethanol).
A perfume’s scent lasts for about 30 minutes to 24 hours after application. Perfume is characterized by its top, middle and base notes. The top notes, which form the initial impression, are small molecules that evaporate quickly and give a fresh, light appearance. Middle notes, which emerge just prior to the dissipation of the top notes, are more complex and provide the main body of the perfume. Finally, the base notes are larger molecules that add depth and balance to the perfume. Common middle notes include lemongrass, rose, geranium and jasmine. [1,2]
Perfumes have become a normal part of many people’s lives. They are used for social and cosmetic reasons, and they can also help to relieve stress and anxiety. Some studies have shown that pleasant smells are associated with improved cognitive function, decreased depression and anxiety, and increased sleep quality. In addition, there is a known link between pleasant scents and the reward circuitry of the olfactory cortex (OFC).
The term fragrance can be used as an adjective or as a noun. It can refer to a pleasant scent, such as a fragrant flower or a perfume, or it can be used ironically or humorously to describe something that has a strong and unpleasant odor, such as the leftovers in the fridge.
The art of perfumery was first developed during the Renaissance, when France became a hub for perfume development and culture. During this time, both men and women wore perfume. However, in the mid-nineteenth century, as germ theory swept the world and scents were perceived to carry illness, wearing fragrances became less fashionable and was reserved only for upper class members of society. During this period, perfume became gender stereotyped and sweet floral blends were deemed exclusively feminine, while sharper scents like pine and cedar were considered masculine.